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Travel is the transport of people
on a trip/journey or the process or time involved in a person or
object moving from one location to another. Reasons for travel
include:
Tourism—travel for recreation. This may apply to the travel
itself, or the travel may just be the necessary investment to
arrive at a desired location.
Visiting friends and family
Trade
Commuting–going to various routine activities, such as work or
meetings.
Migration—travel to begin life somewhere else; nomadic people do
this
Pilgrimages—travel for religious reasons
The word originates from the Middle English word travailen ("to
toil"), which comes from the French word travailler ("travail").
Tourism is the act of travel for predominantly recreational or
leisure purposes, and also refers to the provision of services
in support of this act. According to the World Tourism
Organization, tourists are people who "travel to and stay in
places outside their usual environment for not more than one
consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not
related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within
the place visited". The distance between a place of origin and a
tourism destination is immaterial to this definition. Tourism
has become an extremely popular, global activity. In 2004, there
were over 763 million international tourist arrivals.
As a service industry, tourism has numerous tangible and
intangible elements. Major tangible elements include
transportation, accommodation, and other components of a
hospitality industry. Major intangible elements relate to the
purpose or motivation for becoming a tourist, such as rest,
relaxation, the opportunity to meet new people and experience
other cultures, or simply to do something different and have an
adventure.
Tourism is vital for many countries, due to the income generated
by the consumption of goods and services by tourists, the taxes
levied on businesses in the tourism industry, and the
opportunity for employment and economic advancement by working
in the industry. For these reasons NGOs and government agencies
may sometimes promote a specific region as a tourist
destination, and support the development of a tourism industry
in that area. The contemporary phenomenon of mass tourism may
sometimes result in overdevelopment, however alternative forms
of tourism such as ecotourism seek to avoid such outcomes by
pursuing tourism in a sustainable way.
The terms tourism and travel are sometimes used interchangeably.
In this context travel has a similar definition to tourism, but
implies a more purposeful journey. The terms tourism and tourist
are sometimes used pejoratively to imply a shallow interest in
the cultures or locations visited by tourists.
General Definition
One of the earliest definitions of tourism was provided by the
Austrian economist Hermann Von Schullard in 1910, who defined it
as, "sum total of operators, mainly of an economic nature, which
directly relate to the entry, stay and movement of foreigners
inside and outside a certain country, city or a region."
Hunziker and Krapf, in 1941, defined tourism as "the sum of the
phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of
non-residents, in so far as they do not lead to permanent
residence and are not connected with any earning activity."
In 1976 Tourism Society of England defined it as "Tourism is the
temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside
the places where they normally live and work and their
activities during the stay at each destination. It includes
movements for all purposes."
In 1981 International Association of Scientific Experts in
Tourism defined Tourism in terms of particular activities
selected by choice and undertaken outside the home environment.
United Nations Definition
United Nations classified 3 forms of tourism in 1994 in its
Recommendations on Tourism Statistics as follows:
Domestic tourism, involving residents of the given country
traveling only within this country;
Inbound tourism, involving non-residents traveling in the given
country;
Outbound tourism, involving residents traveling in another
country.
UN also derived different categories of tourism by combining the
3 basic forms of tourism:
Internal tourism, which comprises domestic tourism and inbound
tourism;
National tourism, which comprises domestic tourism and outbound
tourism;
International tourism, which consists of inbound tourism and
outbound tourism.
Prerequisites of tourism
Before people are able to experience tourism they usually need
at least:
disposable income, i.e. money to spend on non-essentials
leisure time
tourism infrastructure, such as transport and accommodation
Individually, sufficient health is also a condition, and of
course the inclination to travel. Furthermore, in some countries
there are legal restrictions on travelling, especially abroad.
Certain states with strong governmental control over the lives
of citizens (notably established Communist states) may restrict
foreign travel only to trustworthy citizens. The United States
prohibits its citizens from traveling to some countries, for
example, Cuba.
